400-820-0859Early Pottery托福听力原文翻译及问题答案
一、Early Pottery托福听力原文：
NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in an anthropology class.
FEMALE PROFESSOR:OK,today we're going to be moving on and we're going to be talking about early pottery.But rather than me just giving you a broad overview of how pots—or ceramic vessels—were developed and used in different regions of the world,we're going to consider a specific example—a case study.And we’re going to focus on ceramic cooking vessels from just one part of the world.
So the question I want to look at today concerns the use of ceramic cooking vessels—clay pots—in the Arctic during ancient times.Why were they developed and used there?
So,to begin with,we don't know for sure when human beings first started creating pottery,but we have evidence of it from over 15,000 years ago.And in the Arctic,ceramic cooking pots didn't appear there until some 2,500 years ago.
Now,it's not surprising that they appeared relatively late there.In fact,what's been something of a mystery is why they were used at all—in the Arctic,I mean.Ken?
MALE STUDENT:Why wouldn’t they use pottery?
FEMALE PROFESSOR:Good question.What would some of the drawbacks of ceramic containers be—for ancient people groups in the Arctic?Ancient Arctic societies were nomadic,right?
MALE STUDENT:I get it.Clay pots are fragile.So if people were moving around all the time,well,the pots would probably keep breaking.
FEMALE PROFESSOR:Precisely.Ceramic cooking vessels can't be transported easily.That’s one thing.And think of how ceramics are produced.You need water and clay,of course…you need to make the pot,allow it to dry for a long time—warm,dry locations work best for this,of course—and then you need to fire it…uh,bake it.So you can see the role that climate would play in whether or not ancient people created and used ceramic cooking pots—and that’s why manufacturing pottery would have been a challenge,actually quite difficult for people in the Arctic.
MALE STUDENT:But you're saying they did make ceramic cooking pots.
FEMALE PROFESSOR:Yes.So the question is,given all these clear disadvantages,why would Arctic people choose to make and use ceramic cooking vessels.Sue?
FEMALE STUDENT:I read somewhere that,by cooking food in clay pots,people increased the,uh…well,they made food easier to digest.Something about making the nutritional components of foods more accessible.
FEMALE PROFESSOR:That's definitely true as far as many nutrients are concerned.But some nutrients,like vitamin C,are destroyed by cooking.But the ancient Arctic people ate a diet that consisted almost entirely of raw or only minimally cooked meat and fish or shellfish.
FEMALE STUDENT:I saw something on television once…a documentary that talked about how healthy the diet was—how it provided all the nutrients they needed.I guess that would include vitamin C as well.But then what I don’t understand is,why would they have cooked their food at all?
FEMALE PROFESSOR:Ah,here's where we need to look beyond obvious factors and consider things like culinary preferences.Although the diet of ancient Arctic people mainly consisted of raw and minimally cooked food,it was carefully prepared.It was based on an interplay of contrasts—uh,different temperatures…or hard and soft textures.Sometimes meat was only partially defrosted.
For example,one way of preparing meat was to boil it briefly,leaving the center frozen.So cooked food…or partially cooked food,for ancient Arctic people,was a matter of social preference.
So again,the question is why did they use ceramic pots to cook their food.That's not the only way to cook food,and we've already looked at some disadvantages of ceramic pots.
So why use them?
Well,first of all,wood for cooking fires was in short supply.And because of the extreme climate,food had to be prepared inside,indoors,most of the year.Therefore,fires had to be small and cooking methods had to be efficient.So in regions of the Arctic where wood was scarce,and where the houses could not withstand large fires and did not have good ventilation,we do find advantages associated with ceramic pots.
二、Early Pottery托福听力中文翻译：
旁白：在人类学课上听一节课的一部分。
女教授：好的，今天我们将继续，我们将讨论早期陶器。但与其让我简单地概括介绍世界不同地区陶器或陶瓷器皿的发展和使用情况，不如考虑一个具体的例子——案例研究。我们将重点关注来自世界一个地区的陶瓷烹饪容器。
因此，我今天要讨论的问题是古代北极地区使用陶瓷烹饪容器和粘土罐的问题。为什么在那里开发和使用它们？
所以，首先，我们不确定人类何时开始制作陶器，但我们有15000多年前的证据。在北极，陶瓷炊具直到2500年前才出现在那里。
现在，它们在那里出现的相对较晚也就不足为奇了。事实上，我的意思是，为什么它们在北极被使用，这是一个谜。知识范围
男学生：为什么他们不使用陶器？
女教授：好问题。对于北极的古人群体来说，陶瓷容器有哪些缺点？古代北极社会是游牧社会，对吗？
男学生：我明白了。陶罐易碎。因此，如果人们一直在四处走动，那么，罐子可能会不断破裂。
女教授：没错。陶瓷烹饪容器不易运输。这是一回事。想想陶瓷是如何生产的。当然，你需要水和粘土……你需要制作罐子，让它长时间干燥。温暖、干燥的地方最适合这个，当然，然后你需要把它烧掉……呃，烘烤它。因此，你可以看到气候在古人类是否创造和使用陶瓷炊具方面所起的作用，这就是为什么制造陶器对北极地区的人们来说是一个挑战，实际上是相当困难的。
男学生：但你是说他们确实做过陶瓷炊具。
女教授：是的。所以问题是，考虑到所有这些明显的缺点，为什么北极人会选择制造和使用陶瓷烹饪容器。控告
女学生：我在哪里读到，人们用陶罐烹饪食物，增加了，呃……嗯，他们让食物更容易消化。让食物的营养成分更容易获得。
女教授：就许多营养素而言，这是**正确的。但一些营养素，如维生素C，会被烹饪破坏。但是，古代北极人的饮食几乎完全由生的或只有最低限度烹调的肉、鱼或贝类组成。
女生：我曾经在电视上看到过……一部纪录片，讲述了饮食是多么健康，它提供了他们所需要的所有营养。我想这也包括维生素C。但我不明白的是，他们为什么要做饭呢？
女教授：啊，这里我们需要超越明显的因素，考虑像烹饪偏好这样的事情。虽然古代北极人的饮食主要是生的和烹调最少的食物，但都是精心准备的。这是基于对比度的相互作用，呃，不同的温度……或硬和软的纹理。有时肉只是部分解冻。
例如，制备肉类的一种方法是将其短暂煮沸，使中心冷冻。所以，对于古代北极人来说，熟食……或者部分熟食，是一个社会偏好的问题。
所以，问题又来了，他们为什么要用陶瓷锅来烹饪食物。这不是烹饪食物的唯一方法，我们已经看到了陶瓷锅的一些缺点&nbsp；
那么为什么要使用它们呢？
嗯，首先，用来烧火的木材供不应求。由于极端的气候，一年中的大部分时间都必须在室内准备食物。因此，火必须小，烹饪方法必须有效。因此，在北极地区，木材匮乏，房屋无法抵御大火，通风不良，我们确实发现了陶瓷壶的优势。
三、Early Pottery托福听力问题：
Q1:1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?
A.To explore possible solutions to an anthropological mystery
B.To analyze the results of a nutritional experiment
C.To explain why human beings first started creating ceramics
D.To examine changes in the dietary preferences of an ancient culture
Q2:2.According to the professor,why would the ceramic vessels used by ancient Arctic people be likely to break?
A.Ancient Arctic people used cooking techniques unsuitable for ceramic pots.
B.Ancient Arctic people were frequently moving from place to place.
C.The vessels were not made with high-quality clay.
D.The vessels were often exposed to extreme temperatures.
Q3:3.Why does the professor mention that the Arctic climate is cold and wet?
A.To explain why ancient Arctic people found warm food appealing
B.To explain why ancient Arctic people required a diet that was rich in meat
C.To explain the difficulties of manufacturing pottery in such a climate
D.To explain why some foods could not be stored in clay pots
Q4:4.What does the professor imply about ancient Arctic people's food preferences?
A.They liked raw foods better than minimaIly cooked foods
B.They enjoyed eating foods that had been prepared in contrasting ways.
C.Their preferences changed dramatically over time.
D.They liked foods cooked in ceramic vessels better than foods cooked in other types of containers.
Q5:5.According to the professor,why did ancient Arctic people cook using small fires?[Click on 2 answers.]
A.Their pottery could not withstand intense heat.
B.Small fires made it easier to control cooking speed.
C.Cooking had to be done indoors.
D.Fuel was difficult to obtain.
Q6:6.Why does the student say this:(MALE STUDENT)But you're saying they did make ceramic cooking pots.
A.He wants to make sure the professor is referring to the past and not the present.
B.He does not understand why making ceramics in the Arctic is considered challenging.
C.He thinks the fact that ancient Arctic people made ceramics requires some explanation.
D.He does not believe the ancient Arctic people actually made ceramics.
四、Early Pottery托福听力答案：
A1:正确答案：A
A2:正确答案：B
A3:正确答案：C
A4:正确答案：B
A5:正确答案：CD
A6:正确答案：C
