托福tpo58听力lecture1 Homing Behavior in Birds

托福tpo58听力lecture1 Homing Behavior in Birds，那么接下来就跟着常春藤的小编详细了解一下吧。

Homing Behavior in Birds托福听力原文翻译及问题答案

一、Homing Behavior in Birds托福听力原文：

NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:So,those are some of the common theories on bird migration.Now let’s talk about“homing.”Homing is more than just the return flight home from migratory trips—homing can take place at any time and from any location.It’s the ability that some birds have of finding their way back to an exact location regardless of their starting point…or how far away they are…or the time of year…and so on.You’ve all heard of homing pigeons but there are lots of bird species that have highly refined homing skills so maybe there’s some evolutionary advantage.Why would birds be so good at this?Todd?

MALE STUDENT:Well,baby birds stay in the nest while the parents go out and hunt for food.If the parents have to fly all over the place to find the food,they’d need to be able to find the nest again.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: And once you’d found food you’d want to get home quickly,wouldn’t you?To feed your young?So you’d want the most direct path home—you wouldn’t want to retrace whatever winding,meandering path you’d taken while you were searching for food.Being able to fly home directly is very efficient:the offspring get food faster and their parents are home sooner to look out for them.

MALE STUDENT:But,it isn’t just the offspring that benefit—the adult birds get back to a safe place sooner as well.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Right.Now,what about finding your way home after going south for the winter?

FEMALE STUDENT:Well,it’d be nice if you could go back to a place you knew was OK.Ya’know,one that’s got water or food…Not too many predators.Some place where you might even still have a nest.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: Good.Now,so far,we’ve been talking about times when birds intentionally—or,at least instinctively—leave home,but are there other reasons why a bird might find itself away from its nest?

FEMALE STUDENT:Birds are vulnerable to really strong winds.Storms could blow them pretty far off course.

FEMALE PROFESSOR:But finding your way back to your nest when you’ve been accidentally displaced is a little different from getting home after your annual migration to a warmer climate.So,do you think all those mechanisms we discussed…that birds use when migrating…apply to homing as well?

FEMALE STUDENT:I think so.I mean we talked about using the Sun and the stars as navigational guides—and that would certainly be helpful for homing.And so would that ability to sense Earth’s magnetic poles—the one in the studies you described about the,uh,internal magnetic compass birds have.Yeah,it should be the same.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: OK,so celestial bodies make good navigational aids.Anything else?

MALE STUDENT:Well,for short distances,you could just memorize the area.Use landmarks.Like,when my friend tells me to turn left after I see the post office to get to his house.

FEMALE PROFESSOR: So,when birds are out searching for food,they can memorize landmarks.Mountains,rivers…who knows,maybe even the post office.Studies of gannets have shown that this is one way they navigate.Gannets are seabirds so when they wind up in an unfamiliar location over land,they fly in outward spirals until they reach the coast.Then they use the coastline to find their way home.

Of course,when we say that birds“memorize”their terrain—that may not be accurate.It’s not always a good idea to use human analogies when trying to understand animal behavior—particularly when it comes to navigation which we,as a species,are spectacularly bad at.I mean,even with maps,how often do we get lost?But,with birds,they’re actually overengineered to be good at navigation.Just think about all those tools we’ve discussed—celestial bodies,magnetic fields,landmarks—they’ve got a lot of sensory cues at their disposal.But how do they use them?For example:do birds use one navigational cue at a time…Like being guided by stars when the sky is clear and using magnetic fields when it’s cloudy?Or,do they use all these tools simultaneously—calibrating their location from multiple cues at the same time?Does the answer depend on the particular species?This is a really rich subject for research…In fact,let’s talk about how you might go about designing some experiments to answer these questions.Keeping in mind,as I said,that your personal experiences won’t be of much use as you try to come up with hypotheses to test.

二、Homing Behavior in Birds托福听力中文翻译：

旁白：在生物课上听讲座的一部分。

女教授：这些是关于鸟类迁徙的一些常见理论。现在让我们来谈谈“归巢”。归巢不仅仅是迁徙归来的返程航班，归巢可以在任何时间、任何地点进行。这是一些鸟类能够找到返回准确位置的路，而不管它们的起点……或者它们离得有多远……或者一年中的什么时候……等等。你们都听说过信鸽，但有许多鸟类具有高度精湛的归巢技能，所以可能有一些进化优势。为什么鸟儿会这么擅长这个？托德？

男学生：嗯，小鸟留在巢里，而父母出去觅食。如果父母必须飞遍各地寻找食物，他们需要能够再次找到巢。

女教授：；一旦你找到了食物，你会很快回家，不是吗？喂你的孩子？所以，你会想要最直接的回家之路，你不会想再回到你在寻找食物时走过的弯弯曲曲的小路。能够直接飞回家是非常有效的：后代得到食物的速度更快，父母也更快回家照顾他们。

男学生：但是，不仅仅是后代有利于成年鸟类更快地回到安全的地方。

女教授：；正当现在，去南方过冬后，你该怎么找回家的路呢？

女学生：好吧，如果你能回到一个你知道没问题的地方就好了。你知道，一个有水或食物的地方……没有太多的捕食者。在某个地方，你甚至可能还有一个巢穴。

女教授：；好的现在，到目前为止，我们一直在谈论鸟类有意或至少本能地离开家的时候，但鸟类可能会发现自己远离巢穴的其他原因吗？

女学生：鸟类很容易受到强风的袭击。风暴会把他们吹离航道很远。

女教授：但是，当你意外流离失所时，找到回家的路与每年迁移到温暖气候后回家有点不同。那么，你认为我们讨论的所有机制…鸟类迁徙时使用的机制…也适用于归巢吗？

女学生：我想是的。我的意思是，我们讨论过使用太阳和恒星作为导航指南，这肯定有助于归航。在你所描述的关于鸟类内部磁罗盘的研究中，感知地球磁极的能力也是如此。是的，应该是一样的。

女教授：；好的，所以天体是很好的导航设备。还有别的吗？

男学生：好吧，对于短距离，你可以只记住这个区域。使用地标。比如，当我的朋友告诉我去邮局到他家后向左转。

女教授：；因此，当鸟类外出觅食时，它们可以记住路标。山，河……谁知道呢，也许甚至是邮局。对塘鹅的研究表明，这是它们航行的一种方式。塘鹅是海鸟，所以当它们飞到陆地上一个陌生的地方时，它们会向外螺旋飞行，直到到达海岸。然后他们利用海岸线找到回家的路。

当然，当我们说鸟类“记住”它们的地形时，这可能并不准确。在试图理解动物行为时使用人类类比并不总是一个好主意，尤其是当涉及到我们作为一个物种非常不擅长的导航时。我的意思是，即使有了地图，我们多久会迷路？但是，对于鸟类来说，它们实际上被过度设计成善于导航。想想我们讨论过的天体、磁场、地标等工具吧，它们有很多感官线索可供选择。但他们如何使用它们呢？例如：鸟类一次只使用一个导航提示吗？比如天空晴朗时由星星引导，多云时使用磁场？或者，他们是否同时使用所有这些工具从多个提示中校准他们的位置？答案取决于特定的物种吗？这是一个非常丰富的研究课题……事实上，让我们谈谈如何设计一些实验来回答这些问题。请记住，正如我所说，当你试图提出假设进行测试时，你的个人经历不会有多大用处。

三、Homing Behavior in Birds托福听力问题：

Q1What does the professor mainly discuss in the lecture?[Click on 2 answers.]

A.Some ways birds benefit by having homing abilities

B.Several ways that birds improve their homing abilities

C.Some navigational tools that birds use in migration and homing

D.Several research studies that measure migration and homing abilities in birds

Q2:.According to the professor,what are three ways in which homing behavior is different from migration behavior in birds?[Click on 3 answers.]

A.Homing is not a seasonal activity.

B.Homing does not always involve long distances.

C.Homing behavior is learned rather than instinctive.

D.Homing abilities allow birds to deal with unexpected situations.

E.Homing requires the use of different navigational tools than does migration.

Q3:According to the professor,birds often take a different route when they leave the nest to hunt for food than they do when they return to the nest.What is one reason for this behavior?

A.Birds use the return flight to teach their young homing skills.

B.Birds want to complete the return trip as quickly as possible.

C.By taking different routes,birds have access to more food sources.

D.By taking different routes,birds avoid predators that may try to follow them.

Q4:Why does the professor mention a study with gannets?

A.To identify a bird species that does not migrate long distances

B.To explain that some birds fly in spiral patterns until they locate food sources

C.To illustrate differences in behavior between coastal and mountain bird species

D.To demonstrate that some birds use distinctive features of the landscape as a navigation tool

Q5:What does the professor imply about the design of research experiments that the students might conduct on bird navigation?

A.Well-designed research studies help to explain human as well as bird navigational abilities.

B.Past research studies were mistakenly designed to study only one navigational skill at a time.

C.Students need to be careful to avoid designing experiments that are based on faulty assumptions.

D.Students should try to design experiments that challenge traditional theories about birds’navigational abilities.

Q6:Why does the student say this?

A.To establish a connection between two scientific studies

B.To point out that the professor mentioned these details in a previous class

C.To indicate she is confident that her initial response was correct

D.To show that she agrees with the professor’s interpretation of a theory

四、Homing Behavior in Birds托福听力答案：

A1:正确答案：AC

A2:正确答案：ABD

A3:正确答案：B

A4:正确答案：D

A5:正确答案：C

A6:正确答案：C