400-820-0859Coral Reefs Marine托福听力原文翻译及问题答案
一、Coral Reefs Marine托福听力原文：
NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a marine biology class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:So we have been fairly thorough in our discussion about coral reefs,which of course are prominent,oceanic features made of hard limestone skeletons produced by tiny coral animals.We've gone over where coral reefs are usually formed...along the edges of shallow ocean banks in tropical or subtropical regions,and the fact that they are declining at an alarming rate.
But I don't want to leave you with the impression that all is lost.There are several techniques being employed today that could prove useful in assuring the future of the reefs.Now,we've talked in depth about coral bleaching,or whitening,which as you recall,is a symptom of,well that the coral is suffering.As you know,coral is very sensitive to water temperature.Even though one or two degree Celsius rise in sea surface temperature for a relatively short amount of time can cause bleaching.
Recently,researchers have used data collected by monitoring surface water temperatures to improve the ability of a reef to recover from bleaching.One future possibility is that improved monitoring can help predict where and when bleaching will occur,which might potentially enable us to mitigate its effects.And there's another technique that's been experimented with to try to help coral reefs recover from bleaching.It's called coral transplantation.This involves moving young coral from a healthy reef onto a degraded reef,you know,in an attempt to regenerate the degraded reef by encouraging young healthy coral to take over.There has been some success with this,but it's still somewhat controversial.
Some scientists support it because,well for one thing,it means you don't have to rely on the existing coral to reestablish itself because it might not be able to.But in my opinion,transplanting coral should only be used as,well,as a last resort.I mean,this method is not only costly but it's...well,even if it's successful,it still fails to address the ongoing problem,the root causes of the degradation,which really is paramount to devising an effective solution.So I don't really take comfort in the successes they have had with transplantation.Perhaps some more constructive use of our time could be spent at researching corals that do survive,like in areas known as refugia.Refugia are areas on the reef that are seemingly,well resistant to bleaching.See,when coral reefs experience bleaching,it's rarely a case of the whole reef being affected.There are almost always pockets of coral on the reefs that remain unaffected.And these are often the lower areas of the reef,those located in deeper water,where temperatures are lower.
Now,we have evidence that corals in these locations are able to escape the destructive bleaching that affects portions of the reef in shallower or warmer water.So in my mind,it's these refugia that are the key components of overall reef resilience.These should be the area of concentration for researchers to locate and protect those regions as a way to sustain coral reefs.And we can also protect the reefs by protecting the surrounding ecosystems,like mangrove forests and seagrass beds.Both of these grow in coastal waters,often in the vicinity of coral reefs.By protecting these areas,we also protect the coral.Let's take,for example,the mangrove forests.Mangrove root systems have the ability to absorb and well trap sediments and pollutants in water that flows through them before they enter the ocean.This of course has beneficial results for the nearby coral reefs.And fisheries management is another key strategy.Over fishing can be seriously disruptive to coral.Let me give you a couple of examples.Overfishing certain species of fish and shellfish like snappers,barracudas and even lobsters.Well,all of these creatures feed on snails,worms and other organisms that eat coral.
So depleting the number of lobsters,for example,means that we are adding to the threat of coral decline.Sea urchins are another example.They eat algae and prevent it from overwhelming the coral.Since the disappearance of sea urchins from the waters up the coast of South Florida,many coral reefs there have been smothered by the uncontrolled growth of algae.
二、Coral Reefs Marine托福听力中文翻译：
旁白：听一节海洋生物学课上的部分讲座。女教授：所以我们对珊瑚礁的讨论相当透彻，珊瑚礁当然是突出的海洋特征，由小型珊瑚动物产生的坚硬石灰岩骨架构成。我们已经了解了珊瑚礁通常形成的地方…沿着热带或亚热带地区浅海海岸的边缘，事实上它们正在以惊人的速度下降。
但我不想给你留下一切都失去了的印象。今天，有几种技术被用来确保珊瑚礁的未来。现在，我们已经深入讨论了珊瑚白化，或者说白化，正如你所记得的，这是珊瑚遭受痛苦的症状。众所周知，珊瑚对水温非常敏感。即使海面温度在相对较短的时间内升高一到两摄氏度也会导致漂白。
最近，研究人员利用监测地表水温度收集的数据来提高珊瑚礁从漂白中恢复的能力。未来的一种可能性是，改进的监测可以帮助预测漂白发生的时间和地点，这可能使我们能够减轻其影响。还有另一种技术正在试验，试图帮助珊瑚礁从白化中恢复。这叫做珊瑚移植。这包括将年轻的珊瑚从健康的珊瑚礁移到退化的珊瑚礁上，你知道，通过鼓励年轻健康的珊瑚接管，试图再生退化的珊瑚。这方面取得了一些成功，但仍有一些争议。
一些科学家支持这一观点，因为，首先，这意味着你不必依赖现有的珊瑚来重建自己，因为它可能无法重建。但在我看来，移植珊瑚只能作为最后的手段。我的意思是，这种方法不仅成本高昂，而且……好吧，即使它成功了，它仍然无法解决当前的问题，即退化的根本原因，这对于设计有效的解决方案至关重要。所以我对他们在移植方面取得的成功并不感到欣慰。也许我们可以更建设性地利用我们的时间来研究存活下来的珊瑚，比如在被称为避难所的地区。庇护所是珊瑚礁上的区域，似乎对漂白有很好的抵抗力。看，当珊瑚礁经历白化时，整个珊瑚礁很少受到影响。珊瑚礁上几乎总是有小珊瑚群未受影响。这些区域通常是珊瑚礁的较低区域，位于较深的水域，那里的温度较低。
现在，我们有证据表明，这些地点的珊瑚能够逃脱破坏性的漂白，这种漂白影响到浅水或温暖水域的部分珊瑚礁。所以在我看来，正是这些避难所是整个珊瑚礁恢复力的关键组成部分。这些区域应该是研究人员的集中区域，以定位和保护这些区域，以此维持珊瑚礁。我们还可以通过保护周围的生态系统来保护珊瑚礁，比如红树林和海草床。它们都生长在沿海水域，通常在珊瑚礁附近。通过保护这些区域，我们也保护了珊瑚。以红树林为例。红树林根系有能力在沉积物和污染物进入海洋之前，吸收并很好地捕获流经它们的水中的沉积物和污染物。这当然对附近的珊瑚礁有利。渔业管理是另一项关键战略。过度捕捞会严重破坏珊瑚。让我举几个例子。过度捕捞某些鱼类和贝类，如鲷鱼、梭鱼甚至龙虾。所有这些生物都以蜗牛、蠕虫和其他吃珊瑚的生物为食。
例如，龙虾数量的减少意味着我们正在增加珊瑚礁衰退的威胁。海胆是另一个例子。它们吃藻类，防止藻类淹没珊瑚。自从南佛罗里达州海岸的海胆消失以来，那里的许多珊瑚礁都被藻类不受控制的生长所窒息。
三、Coral Reefs Marine托福听力问题：
Q1:1.What is the lecture mainly about?
A.The transplantation of young coral to new reef sites
B.Efforts to improve the chances of survival of coral reefs
C.The effects of temperature change on coral reefs
D.Confirming the reasons behind the decline of coral reefs
Q2:2.According to the professor,how might researches predict the onset of coral bleaching in the future?
A.By monitoring populations of coral predators
B.By monitoring bleach-resistant coral species
C.By monitoring sea surface temperatures
D.By monitoring degraded reefs that have recovered
Q3:3.What is the professor's opinion about coral transplantation?
A.It is cost-effective.
B.It is long-term solution.
C.It is producing encouraging results.
D.It does not solve the underlying problems.
Q4:4.Why does the professor discuss refugia?[Click on 2 answers.]
A.To explain that the location of coral within a reef affects the coral’s ability to survive
B.To point out why some coral species are more susceptible to bleaching than others
C.To suggest that bleaching is not as detrimental to coral health as first thought
D.To illustrate the importance of studying coral that has a low vulnerability to bleaching
Q5:5.What does the professor imply about the impact of mangrove forests on coral-reef ecosystems?
A.Mangrove forests provide habitat for wildlife that feed on coral predators.
B.Mangrove forests improve the water quality of nearby reefs.
C.Mangrove forests can produce sediments that pollute coral habitats.
D.Mangrove forests compete with nearby coral reefs for certain nutrients.
Q6:6.According to the professor,what effect do lobsters and sea urchin have on a coral reef?
A.They protect a reef by feeding on destructive organism.
B.They harm a reef by taking away important nutrients.
C.They filter pollutants from water around a reef.
D.They prevent a reef from growing by preying on young corals.
四、Coral Reefs Marine托福听力答案：
A1:正确答案：B
A2:正确答案：C
A3:正确答案：D
A4:正确答案：AD
A5:正确答案：B
A6:正确答案：A
